Hypoxic zones pose a significant threat to benthic invertebrates, such as shrimp, crab, mussels, and starfish, as they are less mobile than other aquatic species, such as pelagic fish or aquatic mammals, who can often migrate away from the depleted oxygen waters. During hypoxic spells, benthic invertebrates will begin to shift their behavior patterns by reducing their feeding, decline in reproduction, and can become widely throughout the ocean floor. If there is a decrease in communities of benthic invertebrates, it will lead to a decline of other marine species due to simple science, the lack of food in the web.

"Not only have commercial/recreational fishing began to suffer, but tourism within coastal communities as well. Hotels, restaurants/bars, watercraft recreation, etc. are all feeling the brunt of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico" -Louisiana shrimp farmer, Thomas Olander

A Louisiana shrimp farmer, Thomas Olander, has observed the decline of benthic populations firsthand. In an interview with Travis Lux from New Orleans Public Radio, Olander states, jumbo shrimp are the most highly sought and has the highest market prices. This proves an issue to not only benthic communities but the livelihood of commercial fishermen such as Olander. Thomas Olander also captured pictures on his phone for others to observe the toxic algal blooms lingering at the surface of the dead zone where he normally would fish. Martin Smith, an environmental economist at Duke University, states, “the stress of fleeing can stunt the growth of shrimp; the dead zone causes the average price of shrimp to drop - which means shrimpers like Olander make less money.” Not only have commercial/recreational fishing began to suffer, but tourism within coastal communities as well. Hotels, restaurants/bars, watercraft recreation, etc. are all feeling the brunt of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, with the lack of tourists. The hypoxic waters can be toxic to humans and our pets, which is why it is advisable to avoid the algal blooms.

Joyce states, “scientists attribute the Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone largely to nutrient runoff from agriculture in the enormous Mississippi basin, which releases 1.6 million metric tons of nitrogen annually".

 “During the warm months, these nutrients fuel eutrophication, which causes excessive algal blooms that can degrade aquatic habitats by reducing light levels, destroying habitats (including fragile systems such as coral reefs), and harming marine life by producing toxins, some of which also harm humans” - Stephanie Joyce, Author

, but it is certainly linked to other human activities happening within the watershed as well. Other forms of human activities include, but are not limited to: “land transformation, ground-water drainage, urban stormwater runoff, sewage treatment, or atmospheric emissions through fossil fuel burning and volatilization of agricultural waste.” By not adequately sustaining our activities as humans, we begin to see environmental disturbances, such as the dead zone.

Adapted from the USGS National Land Cover Dataset to show the three major aggregated land use categories across the Mississippi River Watershed: agriculture (yellow), developed (red), and natural (green).[/caption]

As we have discovered, a majority of the nitrogen and phosphorus, contributing to the toxic algal blooms and leading to hypoxia within the Gulf of Mexico, is sourcing from agricultural and urban runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus are primarily found within chemical fertilizers, detergents, and human/animal waste (EPA). It is also essential that we continue to rely on our local and federal government agencies to provide policies that protect our waters as well. Humans can be problematic by exacerbating the dead zone, but they can also be the solution by limiting their nutrient load and conserving wetlands/floodplains.